http://www.kimsoft.com/2004/go-chosun.htm
No one knows exactly where the Koreans came from or who they are. It is believed that the humanoid - human-like creatures - appeared about two and half million years ago and that the humans as we know today, homo sapiens sapiens, came into being some 35,000 years ago. Although the oldest known writings - written language - date back only 5,000 years at best, we can 'read' our history by studying fossils, our DNA, geological data, cosmological data, our language, and so on, and from these records, we can determine the origin, or rather the prehistoric history, of the Korean race, the baik-yi-min-jok - the 'White-clad People' (called "Dong-yi" -- the eastern barbarians, 동이족 東夷族" and also 예맥족 濊貊族 by the Chinese historians).
Koreans are classified as the Mongoloid (the 'yellow' race) along with Chinese, Japanese, Native Americans, Mongols, Eskimos, and so on. The Yellow race makes up 33% of the world population. The Caucasoid (the "white" race), including the Australian aborigines, Arabs, Indians, Polynesians, and so on, accounts for 59% of the world population, while the Negroid (the 'black' race) accounts for only 8%. It is believed the Negroid and Caucasoid are more closely related than the Mongoloid, which gave rise to the regionalism hypothesis whereby the Mongoloid has evolved from homo erectus while the Negroid and the Caucasoid have evolved from a common ancestor homo antecessor.
It is interesting to note that the Koreans have the least body order. The apocrine glands emit biochemical substances that smell and about 50% of the Koreans do not have apocrine glands at all. The blacks are the smelliest and the whites are the next smelliest. The Mongoloid has dry earwax while the others have wet earwax.
It is commonly accepted that our Universe began some 15 billion years ago, that our Sun was formed about 5 billion years ago, that our Earth was formed about 4 billion years ago, and that the first life form - bacteria - appeared about 3.8 billion years ago. Earth was encased in mile-thick ice until about 500 million years ago when life forms began to multiply and flourish with milder climates.
King Chi Wu's battle flag (circa 2,700 BC) is believed to be the origin of today's Korean flag, tae-guk-ki (inset). The Korean nation of Bai-dal under King Chi Wu ruled much of China, Siberia, and beyond.
Since then, Earth's life forms have been virtually wiped out several times by cosmological events such as shockwaves from supernova explosions and collisions with space debris, and Sun's journey through the cosmos that brought Earth to life-threatening environments.
For example, about 65 million years ago, a large asteroid, about 10 km in diameter, hit Earth and created the Chicxulub crater with an impact of 100 million megatons of TNT. The impact created gigantic tsunamis, earthquakes, and dark clouds over the globe that persisted several years. This cosmological event brought about a global ice age and the demise of the dinosaurs (Mesozoic-Cenozoic Extinction). About 10 million years ago, Earth began to cool down and global glaciations started locking up more and more water in ice, lowering the sea level by several hundred feet.
About 3 million years ago, a major Ice Age began when the sea level dropped enough to expose the Isthmus of Panama, which blocked the Atlantic-Pacific connection, "creating a conveyor belt of cold salty water that sinks near the Arctic 0cean and goes back south, instead of carrying heat to the Arctic Ocean.
Australopithecus lived in transitional woodlands near trees, because with no stone weapons and no fire, trees were the only way Australopithecus could avoid the lions. The ice age killed the trees, and with the trees gone, the lions killed Australopithecus. Homo, smart enough to defend itself with fire and stone, could live on the ground. Homo's intelligence required a large brain, which meant difficult childbirth and a long dangerous childhood. Homo's survival required couples to mate for life to care for their few children over a long childhood." (Tony Smith).
Photo: The 50,000 year-old Cheju footprints are 8.4 by 10 inch in size (note the hammer in the photo for comparison) and show sharp details of the heels, medial arches and balls. In addition to the human footprints, the sedimentary fossil rocks contain footprints of elephants, horses, deer. and birds as well as remains of fish, mollusks and sea plants. Photo courtesy of OhMyNews.
This Ice Age 'forced' evolution of humanoids into homo erectus. This evolutionary process took millions of years and the early humans came into being about two and half million years ago in Africa. Homo erectus prospered in Africa, Europe and Asia until about 340,000 years ago when a cosmological event, the Geminga supernova, triggered another major ice age that lasted about 10,000 years. During this Ice Age, Neanderthals appeared and began to replace homo erectus.
Figure: The approximate migration paths of homo sapiens. There have been multiple global migrations forced by ice ages and glaciations.
The early humans inhabited the Korean peninsula: recently, 300,000-year old human fossils were discovered in a lava bed in the Whang-hae Province of Korea. A DNA test of the fossils showed the bones were of a woman, a teenager, and a toddler. It is probable that they were caught in a volcanic eruption. It is not clear if these victims were homo erectus or Neanderthals.
The next Ice Age began about 160,000 years ago and lasted about 30,000 years. Europe was under glaciation. unfit for human habitation at the time and the migration of the humans went from Africa to Asia through the Near East. The glaciations shrank and expanded numerous times over the millennia. In the current epoch, the glaciation expanded during 45,000-75,000 years ago, and during this period, the sea level dropped sharply, so much so that Asia and America got connected, allowing animals and humans to migrate from Asia to America.
Map: Lake Baikal and the Altaic Mountains region provided food and shelter to a group of nomads during the last Ice Age. Some of the nomads migrated south to the Korean peninsula when the climate of the region turned cold.
About 70,000 years ago, the Toba volcano in Sumatra blew up and ushered in the current Ice Age, the Wurm Glaciation. By about 35,000 years ago, much of Europe became encased in ice and a new breed of humans - homo sapiens sapiens evolved to survive in the harsh environment. This new breed was more intelligent and used tools to compensate for their modest physique. They replaced their distant kin Neanderthals in Africa, the Near East and Northern Asia. The migration occurred in other directions as well: the Asian tribes migrated into Europe, Middle East, and Australia. As the glaciations receded, the sea level rose and land bridges disappeared cutting off migration routes until the next expansion of glaciations, which occurred during 14,000-25,000 years ago.
By about 25,000 ago, the harsh climate had decimated the homos and only small tribes survived in warm pockets along Lake Baikal and other bodies of water in Siberia, India, China, Africa and the Near East. In addition, some tribes survived in the Altai mountains. These homos are called the "paleoasiatics", who were stone-tool users. Later these Peleo-Neo-Lithic tribes were overwhelmed by Bronze-Age tribes from the Altaic region.
Lake Baikal is thought to be the oldest lake of the world (about 30 million years old) and it is fed by over three hundred rivers and more importantly by hot springs, which shielded Baikal from glaciations. It was an oasis for various life forms during the Ice Ages.
Map: Korea about 20,000 years ago. The area in red represents land exposed by lower sea levels due to glaciations - the Sundaland. The green, blue, and yellow areas show areas hospitable to the humans during this era. The Sea of Corea (the East Sea) was an inland lake and Korea was land-connected to Japan, Formosa, Indochina, and India. Courtesy: The Times Atlas of World History (Times Books (4th ed) 1993).
Lake Baikal is the the 'Jewel' of Siberia. It is the largest body of fresh water in the world and its surface area is about one third of South Korea. The lake sits on a large rift in the earth crust which is still expanding at about 2 cm per year. Most of the 2,500+ species of plants and animals of Lake Baikal are not found anywhere else. The rich pants and animal life in and near Lake Baikal had kept our forefathers alive amidst of harsh frozen desert that surrounded the Lake 10,000 or so ago. Today, the Briat Autonomous Region of the Russian Republic control Lake Baikal. The Briat people's culture, language and physique are strikingly similar to those of the Korean people.
As the glaciations receded in Europe, the sea level rose gradually and by 15,000 year ago, the East Asia Lowlands became submerged and their inhabitants migrated to India, Indochina, China, Japan, and Korea. It is believed that the Korean race is a mix of the Altaic, the Lake Baikal, and the East Asia Lowlands (the Jomon people - the ancestors of today's Ainus of Japan) tribes.
Photo: The migration paths of the Korean civilization. Nomadic tribes from the Lake Baikal (in Siberia) region began to migrate when the climate turned too cold. They probably numbered less than 100,000. By the time Koguryo fell in the 7th Century AD, the Korean people probably numbered 2-3 million. Baikje, Silla and Wae (Japanese) were originally in the Chinese mainland and were pushed to the Korean peninsula and the Japanese islands.
DNA tests show that today's humans descended from about 100 distinct ancestors, which support the Wurm near-extinction theory described above. Genetics experts agree that mitochondria DNAs are transmitted unchanged from mother to female offspring and that one's genealogy can be traced back many generations.
DNA tests show that Koreans are about 15% of South Pacific origin (the Jomon people) and the rest attributes of the Mongolian stock from the Baikal region. The South Pacific 'contamination' is more prominent among the Koreans in southern regions - in particular, the Cheju Island. It is believed that the Jomon people and the nomadic tribes left Africa 35,000 - 89.000 years ago, in two general directions, south and north, respectively, and they merged again in Korea, Japan and China some 10,000 years ago.
The origin of the Korean people can be inferred from linguistics. The Korean language belongs to the Altaic language root, which has three language subgroups - Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic. The Korean language belongs to the Tungusic subgroup. The Tungusic subgroup branches out further into Han and Puyo dialects. The Altaic tribes began to migrate to Manchuria and Korea about 6,000-7,000 years ago. Paleo-Siberians inhabited these lands prior to the Altaic migrants came from Lake Baikal region. The Puyo language was spoken in Manchuria (Koguryo, Yemaek, Puyo, and Okcho). and the Han language in Korea (Sam Han). The two languages mixed and merged as nations merged over the years and have become the Manchu and the Korean languages, related but distinct. Some linguists believe that the Korean language contains some elements of the Dravidian-Jomon language, which claim supports the DNA analysis cited above.
.
The first Korean nation, Han-g@@k (also pronounced whan-g@@k, 桓國), was established in 7,197 BC and lasted 3,301 years. According to an archive recently discovered (桓檀古記), this nation was made of 12 tribes in the region of Lake Baikal in Siberia. About 5500 years ago, the climate in Siberia began to cool down and people from this nation began to move out in several directions. One group, sumiri (수밀이 須密爾 -- called the Sumerians by the Westerners), migrated to Mesopotamia and established the Ur, Urk, Lagash, Umma and other city states. The Sumerians had dark hair and share a common linguistic origin with the Koreans. Another group crossed the Beringia and moved into America, while a third group moved into Manchuria and the Korean peninsula. A branch of the America-bound group moved to Japan through Saccharin and pushed out Ainus who came from south centuries earlier.
The king of Han-g@@k dispatched about 3,000 colonists to the area around Mt. Baiktu, which was inhabited by primitive tribes - the Tiger and the Bear tribes. The Han colonists subdued these tribes and established a new nation, Bai-dal (배달국 倍達國, also called 구리 九黎 and 한웅 桓雄 in Chinese chronicles) in 3,898 BC. This new nation occupied much of Manchuria and expanded into China: at its peak, Bai-dal occupied Habook, Hanam, Shantung, Gangso, Ahnwhi, and Julgang provinces of China. Its culture flourished: creation of 'Chinese' characters, codification of the Oriental medicine, advances in farming methods, and other innovations commonly attributed to the Chinese. The Bai-dal kingdom lasted 1565 years under 18 kings.
Photo: A statue of King Chi Wu. His enemies called him the "Red Devil" because he wore red armor in battle. His trade mark was a cap or helmet with a pair of ox horns. During the Seoul World Cup of 2003, the Korean participants called themselves the "Red Devil".
King Chi Wu (치우 蚩尤) of Bai-dal was a military genius and subjugated much of today's China. In about 2,700 BC, he sent an army led by Hyung Oh to occupy Tibet. Tibet remained a part of Bai-dal for about 800 years. King Chi Wu appears in Chinese chronicles and his grave located in Shantung has been excavated. Today, some of Chi Wu' soldiers settled in in the Golden Triangle of Burma and their descendents are still there.
King Chi Wu's military successes were due not only to his superior tactics but also to his weaponry. He introduced explosives and chemical weapons to make clouds and loud noises. His army was equipped with swords, axes, arrowheads, and lance tips, which were made of bronze while his enemies were still in the Stone Age. His troops used catapults, high-power crossbows, wild dogs and even elephants. All of these were 'modern' weapons of his era.
The Bai-dal people were avid pyramid builders, more so than the Egyptians. The Korean pyramids were first discovered by an American pilot in 1945, who were ferrying supplies to Chiang Kaisek's troops in Manchuria. He took pictures of the pyramids and published them in newspapers. Until then, the pyramids were thought to natural hills. Since then about one hundred pyramids have been discovered, the one of which is larger than the largest Egyptian pyramid. Some of the pyramids are more than 2,000 years older than the oldest Egyptian pyramid.
Photo: The Land of Pyramids in Manchuria. The Bai-dal people built pyramids bigger and older than the Egyptian pyramids. Photo courtesy of Hausdorf.
Chinese archeologists excavated some of the pyramids for the first time in 1963, expecting to find burial chambers of Chinese emperors, but instead they found artifacts of the ancient Korean civilization, and since then, they stopped excavating the pyramids. The Chinese government refuses to allow Western archeologists to study the pyramids.
Go-Chosun (also called Dangun Chosun) followed Bai-dal in 2333 BC and lasted 2096 years. It was the most powerful nation in Asia of its era but it is rarely mentioned in history books because Japanese and Chinese historians shy away from glorifying the Korean people.
Photo: A relic from Go-Chosun era uncovered near Pyongyang. This is believed to be a village of a tribe that lived along the Daedong River.
Fortunately, Soviet-era academicians have established with certainty the veracity of Go-Chosun, this nation did in fact exist, and the new generation of Korean historians - untainted by Uncle Tomism that prevails among the 'senior' Korean historians who were educated by the Japanese - have picked up where the Soviets had left. According to the Soviet historians, Go-Chosen was made of three regions (sam-han - the three Hans 韓) - Jin-han in Manchuria, Ma-han in Korea, and Bun-han in the area around Beijing. Jin-han was ruled directly by the Go-Chosun kings but Ma-han and Bun-han were ruled by viceroys appointed by the kings.
When the fortune of Go-Chosun began to nose-dive, its subjects rebelled: the Mongols and the Huns left the domain and began to move westward. The Huns made all the way to Europe and survive today in Hungary. The word Hun came from the Korean word 'han' (한 韓, 汗). Some of the Huns settled in Turkey. Facial reconstructions from Hun skulls show facial features that are Korean.
Go-Chosun was followed by North Buyo (북부여 - later became Koguryo) and other smaller states. In time, three kingdoms - Koguryo, Silla, and Baikje - emerged. Of the three, Koguryo was the largest and the most powerful. The Koguryo kings attempted to restore the glory days of King Chi Wu of Guri (aka Bai-dal), whose domain extended as far west as Tibet. It is believed that Koguryo was originally called Ko-Guri - the Higher Guri nation.
The three Korean nations fought amongst themselves. Baikje and Japan attacked Silla, while Silla and China attacked Koguryo. After centuries of warfare, Koguryo fell to China. The Chinese victors took some 30,000 Koguryo citizens as slaves, many of whom were sent to slave labor camps in Burma. Today, there are several villages in the Golden Triangle that are inhabited by the descendents of the captives. These 'forgotten' Koreans speak archaic Korean and retain much of the Koguryo customs.
The remnants of Koguryo people, led by General Dae Jo-yiung (대조영 大祚榮), formed a new nation called Bal-hae (698-926 AD - 渤海) in Manchuria and Siberia.
Map: The Bal-hae Kingdom (渤海) founded by the Koguryo people.
Bal-hea excelled in deep-sea navigation and had a powerful navy. Bal-hea made Japan one of its subjugated nations and protectorates. At least 47 official records of Bal-hae and Japan contacts exist today. Bal-hae navy and merchant ships sailed from Wonsan, Vladivostok and other ports, and reached as far as the Philippines.
The Bal-hae army waged wars against the Chinese and regained the Shantung region and the Pacific Siberian region. But Bal-hae was defeated by the Chinese in 926 AD.
Silla conquered Bakje and unified Korea, which was reduced by that time to the Korean peninsula south of the Daedong River, a tiny fraction of the mighty Korean nation of Guri and Ko-guri. Silla and its successor nation Koryo waged war against China and regained the Korean land south of the Yalu river and the Kan-do north of the Tuman River. Several attempts to regain Manchuria and Siberia failed.
Map: The Chosun Dynasty lost Kando to China and Russia. When Japan took over the foreign affairs of the Yi Court, it traded Kando for economic concessions in Manchuria. The inept Yi Court had no say in this transaction.
In the death throe of the Chosun Dynasty, which succeeded Koryo, China took away Kando and the Korean territory shrank further to south of the Tuman River. In the 1950s, China took away more land (half of the Mt. Baiktu region) from Korea as payments for its involvement in the Korean War..
With the fall of Koguryo and Bal-hae, the Korean people lost much of its territory to China and Russia, and became a 'weak minority' race (yak-so-min-jok) at the mercy of its big neighbors.
